How to file a complaint against an online blackjack casino
A complaint that reaches the right office, in the right order, with the right documents attached tends to get worked, and one that skips a step gets returned with instructions to go back and do the step.
The short answer
- Start every route the same way: a written complaint to the operator. Skipping it is what sends files back.
- Get the answer in writing: in several states the operator’s formal written response is a prerequisite to any regulatory filing.
- Then the state regulator: the step with real leverage, because the agency controls the licence the operator needs to keep taking bets.
- Watch who the clock binds: Michigan’s 10 calendar days is a duty on the operator; Pennsylvania’s 30 calendar days is your window to file.
- Offshore: a state regulator generally cannot help at all. Kahnawake is the only genuinely substantive route.
- Verified: every form URL, email address and telephone number here was confirmed against the issuing agency on Aug. 25, 2026.
The escalation path, in order
Each step exists because the one above it failed. Regulators expect you to climb in sequence, and several will close a file because you started on the wrong rung.
The operator’s support desk, in a form that creates a record
Contact the casino first, in writing. The purpose is not only the refund; it is a dated, quotable record that step three will demand.
The operator’s formal written response
The document the operator owes you, and in several states a prerequisite to any regulatory filing. Three states put a clock on it.
The state regulator’s dispute process
With the written answer in hand, or proof none arrived in time, file with the state. This is the step with real leverage.
Alternative dispute resolution, where it exists
Independent ADR of the British and Maltese kind is not how the United States regulates online casinos. What exists here is contractual arbitration.
The payment provider, with a caution worth reading twice
A chargeback is a real option for an unauthorized deposit and a poor option for a wager you placed and lost.
Small claims and other legal action
Realistic when the amount fits your state’s limit, the facts are simple and the operator has a business presence in the state.
Step 1: The operator’s support desk, in a form that creates a record
Contact the casino first. Most players do, but by live chat or telephone, and then have nothing to show for it. The purpose of step one is not only the refund. It is to manufacture a dated, quotable record that step three will demand.
Use email or a written ticket rather than the phone. If live chat is the only route, capture the transcript before closing the window. Name the amount, ask a direct question, and say you want the answer in writing. A first reply typically takes 24 to 72 hours; a case routed to a payments or fraud team can run one to three weeks, which is not by itself misconduct and is one reason a slow withdrawal differs from a refused one.
The step that gets complaints thrown out
Every route on this page opens with a written complaint to the operator. Skipping it is the reason files come back with instructions to go and do it, and in several states the written answer is a formal prerequisite to filing at all.
Step 2: The operator’s formal written response
This is the document the operator owes you, and in several states it is a prerequisite to any regulatory filing. Three states put a clock on it.
- Michigan. Mich. Admin. Code R. 432.641 requires an operator or platform provider to investigate each complaint and respond to the authorized participant within 10 calendar days. Both the complaint and the response “must be made in writing,” and operators must keep complaint records at least five years.
- West Virginia. W. Va. C.S.R. 179-10-5.5 imposes the same 10 calendar day duty and requires unresolved complaints touching accounts, game outcomes or illegal activity to be forwarded to the Lottery Commission with the response and all documentation.
- New Jersey. No fixed clock, but the Internet Gaming Dispute Form has fields for “Date of Original Complaint to Operator” and “Date of Response from Operator.” Blanks tell the reviewer you have not finished step two.
If a deadline passes in silence, that silence is itself a rule violation you can report, and it is often the cleanest thing a regulator can act on.
Step 3: The state regulator’s dispute process
With the written answer in hand, or proof none arrived in time, file with the state. This is the step with real leverage, because the agency controls the licence the operator needs to keep taking bets. Expect four to 12 weeks on a straightforward account or wager-settlement question, longer where game logs need technical review. Deadlines are short: Pennsylvania allows 30 calendar days from the incident, Nevada 30 days to raise most disputes and only 20 to appeal.
Two clocks, two different targets
Michigan’s 10 calendar days under R. 432.641 is a duty on the operator: it must investigate and respond to you in writing inside that window, and its silence is the violation. West Virginia’s 10 calendar days under W. Va. C.S.R. 179-10-5.5 works the same way.
Pennsylvania’s 30 calendar days runs the other direction. It is measured from the incident and it is your window to file with the board. Nevada splits into two player deadlines as well: 30 days to raise most disputes and only 20 to appeal.
Step 4: Alternative dispute resolution, where it exists
Be careful with the phrase. Independent ADR of the British and Maltese kind, where a certified body issues a determination the operator has agreed to accept, is not how the United States regulates online casinos. No US state licenses or appoints an ADR provider for casino disputes. eCOGRA, the name players see most, draws its authority from the Great Britain Gambling Commission and the Malta Competition and Consumer Affairs Authority, and cannot take a case against a New Jersey or Michigan licensee. What exists here instead is contractual arbitration: most operator terms carry a binding arbitration clause with a class-action waiver and a small claims carve-out. Read the clause before touching step five or six, because it defines what remains open to you. Our page on how casino dispute resolution works covers the mechanics.
Step 5: The payment provider, with a caution worth reading twice
A card chargeback or bank dispute is a real option in narrow circumstances: a deposit you did not authorize, a duplicate charge, a charge after you closed the account. It is a poor option for a wager you placed and lost.
The honest warning about chargebacks
A chargeback on a bet you authorized reads, to nearly every operator, as an attempt to reverse a legitimate loss. Terms routinely make it grounds for immediate account closure and forfeiture of the balance, and at a licensed site it can be reported into the shared databases behind identity checks at other regulated operators.
It can also sink a regulatory dispute already under way, because you have taken self-help on the same money. Use step five for unauthorized transactions, not as a shortcut past steps one through three.
Step 6: Small claims and other legal action
Small claims is realistic when the amount fits your state’s limit, the facts are simple and the operator has a business presence in the state. Limits vary and change, so confirm your county’s current ceiling. You get speed, low fees and no need for a lawyer; you also face a company with in-house counsel arguing a contract it drafted.
For larger claims the ground shifted in 2025. In Davis v. BetMGM, LLC, No. 166281, the Michigan Supreme Court held in July 2025 that the Lawful Internet Gaming Act did not abrogate a player’s common-law claims for fraud, conversion and breach of contract. The lower courts had dismissed on the theory that the Michigan Gaming Control Board held exclusive jurisdiction; the Supreme Court disagreed, reasoning that the board’s power to take corrective measures on some matters does not oblige it to resolve every patron dispute. The lesson is that a regulator declining to award you money is not automatically the end of the road. The limits matter too: one state, one statute, and no ruling on whether the player wins.
Know which dispute you actually have before you climb
The rung you start on depends on what went wrong, and each of these sibling guides covers one failure mode in full.
Evidence to gather before you file
Collect this before writing a word, because some of it disappears once an account is locked.
The terms as you accepted them
Operators revise terms and bonus rules, so screenshot the version on screen with the date visible and keep any email confirming the promotion you opted into. This is the single most useful document in a bonus or wagering-requirement dispute.
Transaction records
Deposit and withdrawal history exported from the account, plus the matching card or bank statement lines, with reference numbers.
Chat transcripts and emails
Complete, not excerpts. Include the parts that hurt you; investigators notice edited records.
Screenshots of the game state
The hand, the balance before and after, any error message, and the clock if visible.
Hand history, requested in writing
Ask for the game logs by date and time. You are not asking a favor; you are asking for something the operator must be able to reproduce.
Why the game logs are yours to ask for
New Jersey’s mandatory gaming system logging rule, N.J.A.C. 13:69O-1.8(d), provides that a gaming system “shall maintain all information necessary to recreate patron game play and account activity during each patron session, including any identity or location verifications, for a period of no less than 10 years.”
Do not confuse that with the 90-day retention the same chapter sets for the authentication log at subsection (h), a different record type. Put the request in writing, name the dates and times, and ask for the hand identifiers alongside the timestamps so your record and the operator’s line up.
How to write a complaint that gets acted on
An investigator can act on a broken rule. No agency has jurisdiction over disappointment, so the words you choose decide the track your file lands in.
The distinction that decides everything
A regulator enforces rules against a licensee. It can act on a claim that a specific rule, regulation or published term was broken. It cannot act on the claim that you lost money and it felt unfair.
Borrow Pennsylvania’s vocabulary
The Gaming Control Board treats a complaint as “a difference of opinion between the licensed gaming entity and the patron, which does not involve money or items of value,” and a dispute as “a claim for a specific amount of cash or merchandise.” Knowing which you are filing changes the form and the remedy you ask for.
Actionable, roughly in order of how often they succeed
A withdrawal approved then reversed; a balance confiscated without the authorizing term being identified; a bonus voided under a condition not disclosed at opt-in; a payout inconsistent with the published rules or paytable; a self-exclusion request ignored; an account closed with funds retained.
Not actionable
Variance. A losing session, a bad streak, a cold shoe. That is the product working as designed, and no agency has jurisdiction over disappointment.
Between them sits a grey zone where the record decides, which is why accounts closed without explanation and winnings withheld pending review are reviewable if you can name the term invoked and show why it does not fit.
A structure you can follow
Keep it to one or two pages. Investigators read hundreds of these.
- Identifiers. Legal name as registered, account or player ID, the brand and exact site or app, and the state you were physically in. Do not include your Social Security number, date of birth, full card number or password. New Jersey’s form warns against emailing that material, and no agency needs it to open a file.
- What happened, in dated order. Short numbered entries with date and time for the session, the win, the withdrawal request, the reversal, and every contact and response. Times matter because operator logs are timestamped and yours must line up.
- The amount. One figure, stated once, in dollars. Itemize if it has parts.
- The rule or term at issue. Quote it and say where you found it. “They breached clause 6.2 of the bonus terms, which reads as follows” is a different document from “the casino was unfair.”
- What you want. Name the remedy: payment of a stated sum, reinstatement, release of a held balance, a corrected settlement. Vagueness invites a vague answer.
- Evidence and prior steps. Number the attachments and cite them by number. Give the date you first contacted the operator, the date it answered and a one-line summary, or the date the deadline expired unanswered.
Leave the adjectives out
“Scam,” “theft” and “rigged” do not raise a file’s priority, and an unproven fraud allegation can push it into a slower track. Let the timeline do the work.
The documents your complaint will lean on
Three of the six drafting points ask you to quote a term or a published rule. These pages tell you where those rules come from.
What a regulator will and will not do
An agency that declines to write you a cheque has not necessarily done nothing, and knowing the boundary keeps you from wasting the filing.
It will
- Investigate whether a licensee broke the law, the regulations or its own approved rules.
- Direct corrective action, which in practice often means the operator pays.
- Levy fines and, at the extreme, suspend or revoke a licence.
- Pull the game logs, which you cannot.
- Count your complaint, so a pattern registers even when your file produces no cheque.
It will not
- Act as a small claims court for every disagreement.
- Recover money lost in ordinary play.
- Award interest, costs or damages.
- Advise you. The Nevada Gaming Control Board’s patron dispute guidance says it “cannot and will not provide legal advice or strategy.”
Against an offshore operator a state regulator generally cannot help at all
There is no licence to threaten, no jurisdiction and no power to compel production. Some states still take the report, and those reports feed the campaigns on our enforcement actions page, but taking a report is not recovering a balance.
Quick reference: complaint routes by state
The agency, the form, the filing address, the deadline and the prerequisite for every state with a live route. Full detail on each follows below.
| State | Agency | Form or route | Where to file | Deadline | Prerequisite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Jersey | Division of Gaming Enforcement | Internet Gaming Dispute Form | PDF form, email info@njdge.org | None published | Written answer from the casino |
| Pennsylvania | Gaming Control Board | iGaming Casino or Live Dealer Complaints | PGCB forms page | 30 calendar days | None stated |
| Michigan | Gaming Control Board | iGaming Dispute Form | MGCB iGaming portal | None published | Operator given at least 10 days |
| West Virginia | Lottery Commission | Sports and iGaming Complaint Form | WV Lottery complaint form | None published | Operator’s 10-day response |
| Connecticut | Dept. of Consumer Protection | General consumer complaint | DCP complaint page | None published | Operator’s process exhausted |
| Delaware | State Lottery Office | Director investigation, 206.13.33 | Regulation 206; Lottery Office, Dover | 10 days to contest determination | Agent’s own process first |
| Rhode Island | Dept. of Business Regulation | Gaming and Athletics Division | DBR gaming page, DBR.GamingAthletics@dbr.ri.gov | None published | Operator first |
| Nevada | Gaming Control Board | Petition under Regulation 7A | GCB hearings page | 30 days to raise; 20 to appeal | Enforcement Decision Letter |
Where to file, state by state
Seven states have live licensed online casino gaming with blackjack. Nevada is included because its dispute machinery is the most developed in the country, though its online product is poker only.
Background sits on our regulators sub-hub, and the legal position on the is online blackjack legal in the US pillar.
New Jersey
- Agency: Division of Gaming Enforcement.
- Form: Internet Gaming Dispute Form.
- Prerequisite: complain to the casino and obtain a written answer; the form asks for both dates.
- Deadline: none published.
Complete the Internet Gaming Dispute Form, attach every supporting document to the same email, and send it to info@njdge.org. That is the address printed on the current form; older references to an igaming address circulate online and could not be confirmed. Telephone 609-984-0909. Mail goes to the Division of Gaming Enforcement, The Arcade Building, 1325 Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ 08401, also the address on the separate Patron Complaint Form for in-person incidents. One structural point players get wrong: the Casino Control Commission is a separate body, and its appeals process is open to applicants, licensees, qualifiers and registrants, not to patrons appealing a denied dispute. See our New Jersey DGE and New Jersey pages.
Pennsylvania
- Agency: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board.
- Forms: seven separate electronic forms.
- Deadline: 30 calendar days from the incident.
- Prerequisite: none stated.
Pennsylvania runs the most granular system in the country, and the wrong form slows everything. The board publishes seven web forms from its patron complaint and dispute forms page: iGaming Casino Complaints, Live Dealer Complaints, Online Sportsbook, Casino Complaints, Casino Sportsbook, Video Gaming Terminal and Online Fantasy Contests. For online blackjack use iGaming Casino Complaints for the software game and Live Dealer Complaints for a streamed table, a split that matters given how live dealer blackjack is delivered.
The form asks for the site used from a dropdown of more than 25 platforms, the site ticket number, your screen name, an issue category and a description. Each filing gets a case number and an investigator, receipt is acknowledged by email, and alleged criminal violations go to the Pennsylvania State Police. Address: 303 Walnut Street, Commonwealth Tower, 5th Floor, Harrisburg, PA 17101. Telephone (717) 346-8300. See our PGCB and Pennsylvania pages.
Michigan
- Agency: Michigan Gaming Control Board.
- Form: iGaming Dispute Form.
- Prerequisite: send the complaint to the operator and allow at least 10 days.
- Deadline: none published.
Michigan’s rule does the heavy lifting. Under R. 432.641 the operator must respond in writing within 10 calendar days, must promptly notify the board of unresolved complaints involving accounts, outcomes or illegal activity, and must retain complaint records five years. The board may investigate and may direct corrective action. File through the iGaming Dispute Form, reached from the board’s internet gaming and sports betting complaint page. Do not confuse it with the separate Patron Complaint portal, which covers in-person disputes at the three Detroit casinos only. See our Michigan MGCB and Michigan pages.
West Virginia
- Agency: West Virginia Lottery Commission.
- Form: Sports and iGaming Complaint Form.
- Prerequisite: the operator’s 10-day response.
- Deadline: none published.
File through the Lottery’s Sports and iGaming complaint form. The governing rule, W. Va. C.S.R. 179-10-5, requires a response within 10 calendar days, forwarding of unresolved complaints about accounts, outcomes or illegal activity with all documentation, and reporting of the remainder to the Director biweekly or as the Commission requires. That biweekly duty is worth knowing: even a minor complaint enters the state’s records. General correspondence goes to mail@wvlottery.com or the West Virginia Lottery, PO Box 2067, Charleston, WV 25327. See our West Virginia Lottery and West Virginia pages.
Connecticut
- Agency: Department of Consumer Protection, Gaming Division.
- Form: the general DCP consumer complaint.
- Prerequisite: the operator’s own process must be exhausted.
- Deadline: none published.
Connecticut is explicit about sequence: its gaming guidance tells consumers that if the issue “is not resolved through the operator’s complaint process,” they may then file with the department. There is no dedicated gaming form. Use the file a consumer complaint page and file online through the eLicense complaint portal, or by mail, email or fax, but not by more than one method, since duplicates slow processing. Allow up to a week for acknowledgment. Gaming questions go to DCP.Gaming@ct.gov. Address: 450 Columbus Blvd., Suite 901, Hartford, CT 06103. Because the market runs through two tribal licensees, our Connecticut DCP and Connecticut pages explain who your counterparty actually is.
Delaware
- Agency: Delaware State Lottery Office.
- Route: the agent’s internal process, then the Director.
- Deadlines: 10 days to contest the preliminary determination; 20 days notice before a hearing.
Delaware publishes no web form, but its written procedure is unusually specific. Under 10 DE Admin. Code 206, sections 13.31 and 13.32 require every internet lottery agent and technology provider to establish a complaint process and advertise it on the website. Section 13.33 then provides that where a registered customer cannot resolve the dispute through that process, the Director “shall initiate a full investigation of the complaint.” The Director issues a written preliminary determination and asks both parties whether they accept it; if both do, it is final. A party who disagrees has 10 days to file a written statement setting out specific assignments of error, supporting facts and the relief requested. The Secretary of Finance then appoints a hearing officer, with at least 20 days notice, and you may appear yourself, by counsel or by an authorized representative. Write to the Delaware State Lottery Office, 1575 McKee Road, Dover, DE. See our Delaware Lottery and Delaware pages.
Rhode Island
- Agency: Department of Business Regulation, Gaming and Athletics Division, with the Rhode Island Lottery holding the licence.
- Route: operator, then DBR.
- Deadline: none published.
The split structure splits the complaint route too: the interactive gaming licence sits with the Lottery, Bally’s runs the product under contract, and DBR supervises. Start with the operator, then contact the Gaming and Athletics Division at DBR.GamingAthletics@dbr.ri.gov or (401) 462-9500, at 1511 Pontiac Avenue, Cranston, RI 02920. For account questions on the Lottery side, iLottery Player Support is 1-800-288-2485. Rhode Island players also have a strong route through the Attorney General’s consumer complaint form or (401) 274-4400. See our Rhode Island regulator and Rhode Island pages.
Nevada
- Agency: Nevada Gaming Control Board.
- Route: Enforcement Division investigation, then petition to a hearing examiner or the Board.
- Deadlines: 30 days to raise; 20 days to appeal.
Nevada licenses no online casino blackjack, only online poker, so this reaches its bricks-and-mortar properties and poker licensees rather than an internet table. It remains the most instructive model, and the numbers split it cleanly. Under NRS 463.361(2) a claim may be decided by the Board, or by a hearing examiner where the claim is under $500. NRS 463.362 requires the licensee to notify the Board immediately when a dispute involves $500 or more, and otherwise to inform the patron of the right to request an investigation. Failing to give that notice is itself grounds for discipline.
Timing runs through Regulation 7A. Section 7A.017 bars any action unless the patron notified the Board, or the licensee became aware, within 30 days of the event, with a one-year window for sports and race book tickets. After an agent investigates you receive a Decision Letter, and you cannot appeal before you have it. You then have 20 days from its date to file a Petition, which must be physically received within those 20 days under NRS 463.363; deliver it, mail it, or email the Hearings Office at GCBhearingsadmin@gcb.nv.gov. Miss it and the decision stands and judicial review is barred. After filing, serve the casino within 30 days or the petition is deemed withdrawn; the respondent may answer within 15 days, hearing notice runs at least 20 days, and the petitioner carries the burden by a preponderance of the evidence. A rehearing motion must be made within seven days, and judicial review runs 20 days from the Board’s decision under NRS 463.3662. Templates and a sample certificate of service are on the Board’s hearings page. See our Nevada Gaming Control Board and Nevada pages.
Read up on the agency before you write to it
Each regulator page sets out what that board licenses, how it publishes its decisions and what it has acted on before.
If you played at an offshore site
Set expectations first. You have two realistic moves and neither carries the force of a state regulator.
Route one: the operator, backed by its licensing body
The first is the operator’s own procedure, backed by whatever the licensing body will do. Under the Curacao regime effective Dec. 24, 2024, standing licence conditions require a complaints procedure and ADR alongside segregated player accounts and lab certification of games. The requirement exists on paper; what does not exist is independent verification a player can inspect, published compliance reporting, or a demonstrated way to compel payment.
The authority is candid about this. Its online gaming page states it “does not handle individual complaints against gaming providers,” that resolving player disputes “is not within our mandate,” and that it “is not a civil court and cannot order gaming operators to compensate players or issue judgments.” It still wants the report as intelligence, since a pattern may show a breach it can act on, and takes them at complaints@cga.cw. A standardized web form has been announced but is not live. Distinguishing a rule that exists from a rule that is enforced is the whole story here, and our offshore licences page goes jurisdiction by jurisdiction.
Route two: the Kahnawake Gaming Commission
The second route, and the only genuinely substantive one, is the Kahnawake Gaming Commission’s dispute resolution process. Its staff includes a full-time dispute resolution officer rather than a shared inbox, and Part XXIV of its Regulations concerning Interactive Gaming, sections 267 to 281, sets out the procedure. Submit through the form on that page or email complaints@gamingcommission.ca; submissions and updates are not accepted by telephone.
The deadlines are specific and are not the ones repeated on most websites, and they do not all bind the same party.
| Regulation | The rule | Who the clock binds |
|---|---|---|
| Section 270 | The operator must issue a final decision within 45 days. If it does not, or you are unsatisfied, you may escalate regardless of what its terms say. | The operator |
| Section 272 | The complaint must reach the commission no more than six months after the subject matter first arose. A complaint lodged with the operator inside that window survives even if the operator’s process runs past it. | You |
| Section 275 | The operator has seven days to answer the commission. This is a duty on the operator rather than, as it is often misreported, a waiting period imposed on you. | The operator |
Three cases where you may skip the operator entirely
Section 270 also lets you go straight to the commission for underage gambling, for problem gambling and self-exclusion, and for alleged fraud or seizure of player funds.
One trap catches people out
The commission’s dispute page warns it will “jeopardize our ability to assist you” if “your complaint has been discussed on any public forum” or “you share information with the media,” and that an investigation “may be discontinued or a complaint may be invalidated.” That is discretionary rather than automatic, but take it seriously: the instinct to make noise on a forum first is exactly the wrong instinct.
The same page rules out complaints already addressed, already ruled on, or before another jurisdiction. What you are really choosing between is set out on our offshore versus licensed operators page, and it is not about game quality but about whether anyone with subpoena power stands behind the table.
Before you deposit anywhere without a state licence
The whole difference between the two routes above is whether anyone with subpoena power stands behind the table.
Other avenues worth naming
None of these adjudicates a wager. They matter because they create official records, and records drive enforcement.
Your state attorney general’s consumer protection division
The right venue for deceptive advertising, unfair terms and unlicensed operators soliciting in your state. The National Association of Attorneys General publishes a directory of every state’s complaint form, email and phone number; the association does not handle individual complaints itself, so use it to reach your own state’s office. This channel produced the pressure behind the recent cease-and-desist wave: 50 attorneys general wrote to the US attorney general on Aug. 5, 2025 urging federal action against offshore operators.
The Federal Trade Commission
Through ReportFraud.ftc.gov or the Consumer Response Center at 877-382-4357. The site says plainly that the commission cannot resolve your individual report. What it does is feed the database driving enforcement sweeps and share reports with other agencies.
The FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center
Where there is genuine fraud: a cloned or fake casino app, a phishing site, identity theft, or an operator taking deposits with no intention of paying. Information sits at ic3.gov, but the filing tool itself is the IC3 complaint form. There is no victim telephone line, and IC3 is for criminal conduct, not a disputed bonus term.
An ignored self-exclusion is urgent
A complaint about an ignored self-exclusion should go to the regulator and be treated as urgent; the mechanics are on our self-exclusion page. Support is free, confidential and always open on 1-800-697-3738. The older 1-800-GAMBLER line still connects and remains mandated in several states’ advertising rules.
For what a licensed operator owes you before any of this becomes necessary, start at our player rights hub.
Where this page sits in the player rights cluster
Filing is the last move. These pages cover the rights that exist before you ever need a case number.
Sources and review
Agencies move pages and revise forms without notice, so treat every URL here as current only as of the date it was checked.
Every form URL, email address and telephone number above was fetched and confirmed against the issuing agency on Aug. 25, 2026. Agencies move pages and revise forms without notice, so if a link fails, search the agency’s own site rather than trusting a third-party copy. Nothing here is legal advice, and a claim worth pursuing past step three is worth 30 minutes with a lawyer licensed in your state.
Reviewed and verified Aug. 25, 2026.
